The Toledo School of Translators is associated with the transmission of knowledge from which language into Latin?

• A. Greek
• B. Sanskrit
• C. Hebrew
• D. Arabic

Answer: (D)

The Toledo School of Translators is famous for transferring knowledge into Latin from Arabic. In medieval Toledo, scholars—Christians, Muslims, and Jews—worked together to render a vast array of scientific, medical, and philosophical texts from Arabic into Latin. This route often preserved Greek ideas that had first been translated into Arabic and then back into Latin, enabling major works by Aristotle, Galen, Ptolemy, Avicenna, Averroes, and others to reach Western Europe. While Greek, Sanskrit, or Hebrew texts also circulated, the distinctive contribution of this tradition was the Arabic-to-Latin translation stream that opened up Islamic science and philosophy to the Latin-speaking world.